In this cross-sectional study, we extracted the uniform resource locator (URL) of each National Abortion Federation member facility on May 6, 2022. We visited each unique URL using webXray (Timothy Libert), which detects third-party tracking. For each web page, we recorded data transfers to third-party domains. Transfers typically include a user’s IP (internet protocol) address and the web page being visited. We also recorded the presence of third-party cookies, data stored on a user’s computer that can facilitate tracking across multiple websites.

In this cross-sectional study, we extracted the uniform resource locator (URL) of each U.S. hospital included in the 2018 American Hospital Association Annual Survey . We visited each unique URL using webXray (Timothy Libert, Lujo Bauer), which detects third-party tracking. For each web page, we recorded data transfers to third-party domains. We obtained hospital characteristics from the AHA database and the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. Data on race, ethnicity, and population size were compiled for the ZIP Code Tabulation Areas.